Verbal and Non-Verbal Intelligence Tests

 Verbal and Non-Verbal Intelligence Tests

The Intelligence tests are classified into two types on the basis of their presentation: verbal intelligence tests and non-verbal intelligence tests.

1. Verbal Intelligence Tests: These are those intelligence tests in which the questions and problems are presented in words or language, and the subjects too have to answer in words or language. They are generally in the form of paper-pencil tests.

The most important characteristic of these tests is that have more validity and reliability. Second, they can be administered individually and collectively both. Third, they can be administered easily. And fourth their scoring is objective.

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2. Non-Verbal Intelligence Tests: These are those intelligence tests in which questions and problems are not presented by the medium of language but are presented by the medium of concrete objects and figures, and the subjects have to answer them with such activities. These tests can also be in the form of pen-pencil tests, or they may be only performance tests, or they can be a mixture of both. In paper-pencil tests, objects or artistic problems are presented in printed form which the examines solve using pencils, and in performance tests, different objects are presented for placing them in order or serial.

The foremost characteristic of these tests is that they are comparatively more valid and reliable. Second, they can be administered on both literate and illiterate persons. Third, they can be administered individually or collectively. Fourth, they can also be used to measure the intelligence of tiny children easily.

Verbal Individual Intelligence Test

1. Name of the test: Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test Series, 1960

2. Adapter of the test: Dr. S.K. Kulshreshtha

3. Quality to be measured: General intelligence (G) 

4. Utility: This test is used for the measurement of intelligence of children from 2 years of age to youths of 18 years.

5. (a) Test Material: Test material can be divided into four groups: 

(i) Test Series: It describes the sub-tests to be administered for different age levels.

(ii) Material Aid: It can be divided into two groups: one, concrete objects and second, pack of cards. Concrete objects are toys of dogs, cat, cup, etc. and wooden cubes which are used for the measurement are of two kinds: small and big. The small pack comprises of 36 figures of different objects (aeroplane, coat, umbrella, etc.) and persons (girls rabbit, etc.). They are used for the measurement of intelligence of children from 2 years to 5 years of age. The big pack of cards comprise 37 cards and some figures given separately. These cards have pictures and linguistic items which are used for the measurement of intelligence of children from 3 years to 18 years of age. The cards include the ones meant for children and adults.

(iii) Record Book: It is used to record responses of the examines.

(iv) Norms: It comprises of norms for examines from 2 years to 18 years. 

5 (b) Number of Items: This test comprises of a total of 124 items which are divided into six groups.

(i) First Group: This group comprises of 12 items for each year for the children from 2 years to 4 years of age group, with a total of 36 items. If a child answers an item correctly, he is given a credit of one month in his mental age (M.A.) and if he answers all items in this group correctly, 36 months are added in his mental age.

(ii) Second Group: This group comprises of 6 items for each year for the age groups from 5 years to 14 years with a total of 60 items. If a child answers one item correctly a credit of two months is given to him in his mental age.

(iii) Third Group: This group has a total of 8 items for adolescents of 15 years of age. If an adolescent answers one item correctly a credit of 2 months is given and added in his mental age.

(iv) Fourth Group: This group comprises of a total of 6 items for the adolescents of 16 years of age. If an adolescent answers one item correctly a credits of 4 months is given and added to his mental age. 

(v) Fifth Group: This group comprises of a total of 6 items for the adolescents of 17 years of age. In it a credit of 5 months is given for answering each item correctly.

(vi) Sixth Group: This group comprises a total of 6 items for the adolescents of 18 years of age. In it a credit of 6 months is given fo answering each item correctly.

6. Administration of Test: Its administration is done as follows: 

(i) At first, the examiner establishes rapport with the examine, talks to him and brings him to a normal state of mind. It is necessary to maintain this rapport from beginning to the end of the test.

(ii) When the examine comes in a normal state of mind, the test is administered according to the directions given in the manual. Two things are especially kept in view: The intelligence test for a common intelligence level child is begun by asking items from the group below his age group so that he is not discouraged. And second, if a child answers an item incorrectly, it is not repeated.

7. Scoring of Test: Credits are awarded to the examine as determined for specific group to find out the mental age. 

(i) Basal Age: The basal age is the age for which the examine is able to answer all questions correctly. 

(ii) Ceiling Age: The age for which an examine is not able to answer even an item is called his ceiling age.

(iii) Mental Age: Basal age + Acquired age = Mental age.

(iv) Intelligence Quotient: It is calculated according to the directions given in the manual.

Non-Verbal or Performance Individual Intelligence Test

1. Name of the Test: Bhatia Battery General Intelligence Test, 1955 

2. Constructor of the Test: Dr. C.M. Bhatia

3. Quality to be measured : General intelligence (G) 

4. Utility : It is used for the measurement of intelligence of small children.

5. Number of Items: This test comprises of five sub-tests:

(i) Koh's Block Design Test: There are 16 coloured wooden cubes in it. The surfaces of these cubes are white, yellow, blue, red, half red-half white, half blue and half yellow respectively. The examine has to make ten designs with the help of these wooden cubes as given on the ten cards. The maximum time limit for making the first five designs is 2 minutes and for second 5 designs is 3 minutes. If an examine makes the first 5 designs in 1 minute, he is awarded 2 marks, and if an examine makes these designs in 2 minutes, he is given 1 mark. Examine who is not able to make the designs within the specified 2 minutes, he is awarded 0 (zero). In the same way 3 marks are awarded for making second five designs within 1 minute, 2 marks for making within 2 minutes, 1 mark for making within 3 minutes and 0 for not being able to make it within this time limit.

(ii) Alexander's Pass Along Test: This test comprises of wooden red and blue rectangular and square cubes. The examine has to make 8 designs with the help of these wooden pieces as given on 8 cards. Each examine is presented in a tray with red pieces lined toward blue line and blue pieces lined toward red line. The examine has to bring the red pieces toward the red line and the blue pieces toward the blue line as given on the card. The condition is that none of the pieces in the tray is lifted, they are dragged in the tray itself and thus the design is prepared The scale to mark the first 4 designs and last 4 designs is similar as given for the first sub-test of 5-5 figures.

(iii) Pattern Drawing Test: This test was constructed by Dr. C.M. Bhatia himself. This test comprises of 8 geometrical patterns. The examine has to draw with the help of pencil the similar patterns by looking at the pattern. The condition is that the examine cannot lift the pencil and no part of the pattern is repeated. Its marking is done as similar to the second sub-test.

(iv) Immediate Memory Test: In this test, some numbers and letters are written on a card. It has two parts:

(a) Direct Order: In it, the numerals and letters have to be repeated in the same order in which they were spoken.

(b) Reverse Order : In it, the spoken numerals and letters have to be repeated in the reverse order. The number of marks awarded are equal to the number of numerals and letters correctly repeated.

(v) Picture Completion Test: In this sub-test, there are 5 wooden patterns which have been divided into the cubes of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 respectively. The examine is given these figures and cubes one by one The examine has to join these cubes to make patterns. Time limit for making the first 3 patterns is 2 minutes and 3 minutes for the later 2 patterns. Its marking is also done as similar to the first sub-test. Placing 6 cubes correctly out of 8 cubes in the fourth pattern gives I mark. And in the fifth pattern, placing 9 cubes correctly out a total of 12 begets 2 marks and 6 cubes beget 1 mark. If the examine is able to make the pattern correctly, he is given these marks in addition.

6. Administration of the Test: Administration of this test is done as follows:

(i) At first, the examiner establishes rapport with the examine, be haves with him with affection, sympathy and cooperation and makes him free from all kinds of shies and fears and brings him to a normal state of mind. He maintains this rapport from beginning to the end of the test.

(ii) After having established rapport with the examine, the examine gives directions about the test, and then gives sub-tests to the examine one by one. The examine is given the opportunity to complete the test within specified time limit.

7. Scoring of the Test: Each of the sub-tests is marked accordingly. At last, the marks so obtained are added to obtained total marks. After this, the mental age of the examine is found out from the manual, and his intelligence quotient is calculated.