Educational Psychology- Important notes

 

Educational Psychology

 Education psychology is necessary -  for education  and  parents  

 The main relation of educational psychology is with learning . This statement is -  Sorey  and  Telford 

 

In which book was the foundation of psychology laid  - Principles of Psychology  

 

The author of 'Principal of Psychology' published in America is -  William  James

 

The present form of education psychology is –  Comprehensive

 

According to Gaurison the aim of education psychology is –  knowledge of behavior  

 

According to Kuppuswami, the principles of educational psychology are best used -  in good  education  and best  learning  .

 

The main aim of educational psychology according to Kolesnik is  to solve the problems of education .     

 

The objectives of educational psychology according to Kelly are –  Nine

 

According to Skinner the general objectives of educational psychology are –  child  development

 

According to Skinner , the specific objectives of education psychology are –  to help determine the level and objectives of education according to the desirable behavior of children  .              

 

The field of educational psychology includes all those knowledge and methods which are helpful in understanding better than the process of learning. This statement is –  Lee  's

 

According to Gates, education is the limit of psychology –  unstable  and  changing

 

“On the basis of the particular stage, we should call someone a child, young or old.” This is the statement –  ​​Froebel 

 

Education should be the basis of principles according to Herbert -  Psychologist

 

According to Montessori, teaching work can be done effectively by a teacher only if he has knowledge  of –  Experimental nature of psychology  .   

 

There is a need of education psychology in the present time  –  child  centered  education

 

In the present time the need of education psychology is understood  –  in all round  development 

 

The main advantage of education psychology is  - teacher  -  student  relationship 

 

To recognize the students in the classroom on the basis of their differences, the teacher must have the knowledge  –  of educational  psychology 

 

Why are the periods of maths, science or difficult subjects kept first in the time table  -  on the basis of psychology  

 

For successful and effective education-learning process, it is necessary -  use of teaching -  learning  material  and  use of principles  of educational  psychology .    

 

Which subject is used more in guidance and counseling  -  Education  psychology 

 

Contribution to curriculum development on the basis of students' ability and  interest -  Education  Psychology 

 

IQ test subject is  -  of education  psychology 

 

Through the knowledge of teacher psychology, children  's  intelligence  and  interests  The teacher teaches by knowing about of the children through the knowledge  of  ,  teaches by  knowing the nature and teaches by taking information about the economic condition and family situation .                   

 

There is contribution of psychology in the field of education –  now  education should be  child  centered  .   has  ,  the teacher  tries to establish close contact with the children  and the teacher can have knowledge of the needs of  the students .                  

 

Educational psychology is a science  –  of educational  principles 

 

Education is considered to be the origin of psychology  -  year  1900

 

In parallel with the word 'psychology', the English language word 'psychology' is derived from which language  -  from the Greek  language 

 

Education psychology   is  related to education ,  philosophy and psychology     

 

The literal meaning of  education   is  to nurture , bring forth  and lead .    

 

“Psychology is the science of the activities of persons exposed to the environment.” This is the  statement –  ​​Woodworth 

 

“Psychology is the basic science of education  ”  says Skinner 

 

How is the subject-content related to education psychology  -  learning

 

The children whose behavior is studied in educational psychology  are retarded ,  backward and  problematic .   

 

Educational psychology studies within the process of learning  –  the study of the effect of motivation  and  reinforcement   

 

"Psychology is the science of the mind." This is the  statement -  Aristotle 

 

“Educational psychology is the cornerstone of teacher preparation. This statement is given  by  Skinner  .

 

To manage the data, the following work has to be done in relation to the collected data  –  classification  ,  tabulation ,  graphical  representation .

 

Psychology helps in the field of education and tells whether  the aims of  education  are possible or not .     

 

The teacher should study education psychology so that with  the help of  it he can make his teaching more effective .        

 

“Psychology is the pure science of behavior” –  E.  Watson is the exponent of this definition.

 

The unconscious mind is studied –  by psychoanalytic  methods 

 

The father of the psychoanalytic system is  –  Singmund  Fried

 

Psychology is in the present time –  the science of behavior  

 

Education is not a subject area of ​​psychology  –  Educational  assessment

 

'Education is obtained at a certain place.' In what sense is this statement used  -  narrow meaning of education   

 

'Psyche '  means  human  soul  or  mind

 

Psychology was called the science of behavior -  Watson 

 

"Psychology is the scientific study of the mind, which includes not only intellectual, but also emotional feelings, stimulating forces and actions or behavior." This is the statement  - C.  W.  Valentine 

 

Psychology  -  is the science of the soul  ,  is the science  of  the mind  ,  is  the  science  of consciousness   

 

The factor that affects the human mind is the  person  's  interests  ,  aptitudes,  aptitudes  , environment  . 

 

The pure science of psychology is the mind  -  James  Drever 

 

Educational  psychology -  a part of psychology    

 

In relation to the nature of education psychology, it can be said that  it is universal ,  but it is also universal .     

 

under  psychology  Under human is  studied  _  _  

 

The purpose of the study of educational psychology is  –  by the students    is  to influence the  learning of .    

 

Psychology helps in the field of education and clarifies  –  possibility of aim of education    

 

The teacher does not have a direct need for the study of educational psychology  -  physical  fitness

 

Manoya is concerned with the study of animal behavior, while the field of education psychology is  the study of  human behavior  ,  educational situations  .       , human  behavior  in . 

 

The parts of the  teaching  process are  the  objectives of teaching  ,  knowledge experiences that make teaching  meaningful  ,  evaluation of teaching     

 

The basic objective of education psychology is  – keeping  in mind the abilities and abilities of the students ,  by learning something by them .                 is the , it  them .   

 

Education is related  to the purpose of  education  and     class  environment  and  environment  .

 

The field of education psychology is  –  broad

 

The general purpose of education psychology is  -  development of the personality of the child   ,  in the teaching work .       assistance  and improvement in teaching  methods .  

 

“On the basis of the experiences of a particular person, we should call someone a child, young and old.” This is the statement  –  ​​Froebel 

 

The main objective of education psychology is  -  child  centered 

Principles and Factors of Human Growth and Development

Forms of Development

Development is a process and it has some specific characteristics : 

1. Structural Change- Growth concerns with the changes in height, weight, form of the body. It can be observed and measured.

2. Changes in Proportion- The child is the miniature of the adult. There is proportionate changes or growth in structure of an adult. The proportion is also noted mental, and emotional development.

3. Changes in Old Features- Some changes are observed in old features of an individual. These changes are caused by thymus and pinial glands.

4. Acquisition of New Features- The old features gradually vanish and new features and acquired. There is change in teeth and growth in sexual organs. Maturation is the stage that an individual is ready to function.

5. Predictability of Development- The rate and speed of development provide the basis for the prediction of development.

 6. Definite Pattern of Development- What-so-ever the form of development but it has definite pattern. It is the law of nature.

7. Development has Specific Characteristics- Each stage of development has some traits or specific characteristics. The most effective traits of each stage emerge in process of development. Every individual has to go through these stages. The behaviour which appears unique behaviour during the process of development, are normal.

Principles/Patterns or Characteristics of Growth and Development

Studies in genetics have shown that behavioural development follows a pattern even though there is individual difference among children. The various principles of development are given below:

1. Principle of uniform developmental pattern:

Development occurs in orderly manner and follows a certain sequence and a regular step by step process. All the developmental direction and sequences are almost the same for all children, but each child follows his own time schedule of growth. For example the baby creeps before he crawls and crawls before he walks.

2. Principle of continuous:

Human beings are constantly changing. One is not the same today as one was yesterday and one will be different from what one is now. Thus the process of growth and development continues from birth to death in some or other form and a never-ending process. 

3. Principle of lack of uniformity in the developmental rate:

Although the human developmental sequence is uniform and continuous, it does not exhibit uniformity in the developmental periods and stages of life. It is this variation in individual development that makes it impossible to predict how an individual will react to a particular stimulus.

4. Principle of developmental speed variation:

It is observed that growth and development becomes very rapid in infancy and early adolescence and latter the speed decreases.

5. Principle of cephalocaudal and proximodstal sequence:

The growth and development has got its own direction. It follows cephalocaudal sequence, which means that the human beings grow from head downwards that is in the direction of the longitudinal axis (head to foot) or head is developed in the embroynic stage than the development of body and legs occur. It is also known as principle from the head-tailward. 

6. Principle of proceeding from general to specific:

This is true of all phases of development. The new born baby moves his body as a whole and slowly he learns to control his full hand and later he tries to control on the movement of his hand fingers.

7. Principle of integration/ total development:

Development involves a movement from the whole to parts and from the parts to the whole in the areas of both physical and psychological aspects and are interrelated and interdependent.

8. Principle of orderly and proceeds by stages:

Human development follows a known sequence. Each child stands before he walks and babbles before he talks. Physical development occurs in a head to foot direction and proceeds from the central parts to more distant ones. Thus each stage has certain unique characteristics and behavioural patterns. 

9. Principle of Individual difference:

Every organism is a distinct creation in itself. Therefore the development which it undergoes in terms of the rate and outcome in various dimensions is quite unique and specific and varies from child to child.

10. Principle of cumulative:

In the course of development, a single experience matters a lot and it does not go unnoticed and unaccounted because it has been found out that subsequent behavior is the result of previous experiences. The day a child utters his first word, the appearance of his first tooth, his first shave, etc., are turning point in life. Thus the development pattern represent  sequential advancement rather than series of mere editions and did not reach abruptly.

Factors Influencing Growth and Development

 Growth is natural and automatic process but development is planned and deliberate efforts to bring desirable changes among children. Development process depends on heredity and environmental factors. Thus, it is influenced by these factors

(i) Heredity factors are intelligence, sex, race, secretion of glands, height, weight, structural features. 

(ii) Environmental factors are nutrition, fresh air and light, open environment, family status, culture, diseases and injuries. 

1. Intelligence- The most important aspect of development refers to mental development. it depends on the intelligence of child. All other type of development are also influences by the intelligence. An intelligent child acquires new behaviours of a child reflect his level of intelligence.

2. Sex- There is difference between boys and girls with regard to their growth and development. The body constitution and structural growth of girls are different from boys. The functions of boys and girls are also of different nature.

3. Secretion of Glands- The para-thyride glands make the body more sensitive and more emotional. The thymus glands influence the mental and chest development. It brings an early maturity children. among

4. Races- The racial factor has great influence on height, weight, colour feature and body constitution, A child of white will be white, tall and smart. Even hairs and eyes colour are governed by the concerning race. race

5. Nutrition- Growth and development of a child mainly depends on his food nutrition. The mal-nutrition has adverse effect on their structural and smart. Even hairs and eyes colour are governed by the concerning race.

6. Family Status- Nutrition and family status have similar influence. The poor family can not provide balance diet to their children. It will effect adversely.

7. Social and Cultural Factors- The behaviour and functional aspect is greatly influenced by social and cultural environment in which a child lives. They acquire values, feelings and attitudes.

8. Disease and Injuries- The mental injuries and other type of long disease have adverse effect on the development of children.

Meaning of Human Growth and Development, Nature, Characteristics and Difference

           GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Introduction :

The education of a child starts since his birth, though in an informal manner. A person to some extent shapes the pattern of his life by the choices and decisions he makes at successive stages. A teacher's main concern in the classroom is the development of the child but he cannot fully understand such basic processes as perception, motivation and emotion, etc.. without knowing something about their development. If a teacher is interested to educate the child in a balanced and integrated manner then he is to understand the child fully and understand the characteristics of a child at various age levels. Therefore, it is essential for the teacher to study the growth and development of different periods of life.

Meaning and Definition of Human Growth 

Growth refers to quantitative changes in physical development, i.e., increase in size, height and weight. We speak of the growth of heart, nerves, muscles and body in general. Thus growth is observable and can be measured. 

Crow and Crow suggest that, "Growth refers to structural and physiological changes." 

Frank said, "Growth as the multiplication of cells, i.e., growth in height and weight or it may be changes in the particular aspects of the body or it means increase and enlargement of the body or some part of the body."

Characteristics of Growth 

Arnold Gessell has enumerated the following features of Growth in his definition :

1. It is a function of the organism.

2. The environment helps in its manifestation.

3. It is intrinsic physiological development.

4. It has limited and regulatory mechanism.

 5. It is an intricate and sensitive process.

6. It maintains the balance of the total pattern and direction.

Meaning and Definition of Human Development 

⇒ The term Development refers to change in structure, form shape and improvement in functioning. When qualitative changes occur in behavioural characteristics of the child is called development.

According to Peary, "Development means the whole sequence of life from conception to death." 

Frank said, "That development may imply the change in organism as a whole."

Hurlock said, "It is progressive series of changes in an orderly coherent pattern. The changes are directional leading forward rather than backward and results in new characteristics and new abilities on the part of the individual." 

Thus development is progressive, orderly and coherent means that there is a definite relationship between each stage in an sequential manner and is a continuous process. Development is more comprehensive which includes physical, social, intellectual, emotional and moral aspects of an individual.

Main Characteristics of Development :

Development has the following main characteristics :

 1. It is an interaction between person and his environment.

2. It is confined to qualitative changes in form and functions of the organism.

3. It involves a progressive series of changes leading forward not backward.

4. It refers to acquisitions of new features at physical, social, emotional and intellectual and daily living.

5. It is the emerging and expanding capacities of the individual.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 

⇒ Growth

1. Growth may be limited to the changes in the quantitative aspects. i.e., increase in size, length, height, weight and expansion of vocabulary, etc.

2. Growth is used in a narrower sense such as increase in size, weight, etc.

3. Growth is physical and external in nature.

4. Growth stops after sometime. Maturity is the end point of growth.

5. Growth is measureable because the quantitative changes are very specific and it can be directly measured.

6. Growth is always systematic and follows a definite pattern It is very rapid in infancy and later on it becomes slow and becomes rapid during the period of early adolescence.

⇒  Development

1. Development implies the overall changes occurring in both quantitative and qualitative aspects. It is the changes in structure. form or shape and improvement in functioning and behaviour as a whole.

2. Development is a wider and comprehensive term, related to all types of changes both physical and psychological. 

3. Development is internal and can be physical, social, emotional and intellectual, etc.

4. Development is continuous. Starting right from conception it does not end with the attainment of maturity but continues throughout the entire life span of an individual.

5. Development is observable because the results of development are quite complex and difficult as far as their actual assessment and measurement is concerned.

6. Development is always from general to specific.

      Stages of Human Development

Human Development is a continuous process. All Development takes place in different forms during different stages of age. Different scholars have classified different stages of human development in different forms. Human development is divided into these seven stages in India. These seven stages are -

1. Pregnancy                                            一                           conception to birth

2. Infancy                                                  一                           birth to 5 years

3. Childhood                                             一                            5 to 12 years

4. Adolescence                                         一                            12 to 18 years

5. Youth                                                      一                            18 to 25 years

6. Adulthood                                              一                           25 years to 55 years

7. Old age                                                    一                          55 years to till death

The western psychologist, Kolesnik has divided the stages of human development into eight classes :

1. Prenatal Period                                   一                             Conception to birth

2. Neonatal Period                                 一                              birth to 3-4 weeks

3. Early Infancy                                      一                              1 month to 15 months

4. Late Infancy                                        一                              15 to 30 months

5. Early Childhood                                  一                              2.5 to 5 years

6. Middle Childhood                               一                              5 to 9 years

7. Late Childhood                                    一                              9 to 12 years

8. Adolescence                                         一                              12 to 21 years

 Ross has divided the process of human development into only four stages :

1. Infancy                                                     一                            1 year to 3 years

2. Early Childhood                                     一                            3 to 6 years

3. Late Childhood                                       一                            6 to 12 years

4. Adolescence                                            一                           12 to 18 years

 Selley favours to study human development only under three stages:

1. Infancy                                                      一                            1 year to 5 years

2. Childhood                                                 一                            5 to 12 years

3. Adolescence                                             一                            12 to 18 years

Ernest Jones has divided the stages of human development into the following four stages. Presently most of the scholars study human development under these four stages :

1. Infancy                                                        一                            birth to 6 years

2. Childhood                                                   一                           6 to 12 years

3. Adolescence                                               一                           12 to 18 years 

4. Adulthood                                                   一                           18 years to till death

General Characteristics of Development :

The variation or individual difference is universal in nature and is known as the principle of variability of inheritance. There are two principles, one is of resemblance and another is of variability. The development process is governed by both the principles. It has the following main characteristics:

1. It is a product of the interaction between person and the environment.

2. It is a continuous and life-long process. 

3. It is individual process but takes place in a group.

4. Different aspects of development are inter-related.

5. It proceeds from general to the specific.

6. It is cumulative and positive process.

7. It is bilateral to unilateral trend.

8. It follows an orderly sequence.

9. It has a uniform pattern.

10. It is an integrated process, and

11. It has the variation of differentiation.