Principles and Factors of Human Growth and Development

Forms of Development

Development is a process and it has some specific characteristics : 

1. Structural Change- Growth concerns with the changes in height, weight, form of the body. It can be observed and measured.

2. Changes in Proportion- The child is the miniature of the adult. There is proportionate changes or growth in structure of an adult. The proportion is also noted mental, and emotional development.

3. Changes in Old Features- Some changes are observed in old features of an individual. These changes are caused by thymus and pinial glands.

4. Acquisition of New Features- The old features gradually vanish and new features and acquired. There is change in teeth and growth in sexual organs. Maturation is the stage that an individual is ready to function.

5. Predictability of Development- The rate and speed of development provide the basis for the prediction of development.

 6. Definite Pattern of Development- What-so-ever the form of development but it has definite pattern. It is the law of nature.

7. Development has Specific Characteristics- Each stage of development has some traits or specific characteristics. The most effective traits of each stage emerge in process of development. Every individual has to go through these stages. The behaviour which appears unique behaviour during the process of development, are normal.

Principles/Patterns or Characteristics of Growth and Development

Studies in genetics have shown that behavioural development follows a pattern even though there is individual difference among children. The various principles of development are given below:

1. Principle of uniform developmental pattern:

Development occurs in orderly manner and follows a certain sequence and a regular step by step process. All the developmental direction and sequences are almost the same for all children, but each child follows his own time schedule of growth. For example the baby creeps before he crawls and crawls before he walks.

2. Principle of continuous:

Human beings are constantly changing. One is not the same today as one was yesterday and one will be different from what one is now. Thus the process of growth and development continues from birth to death in some or other form and a never-ending process. 

3. Principle of lack of uniformity in the developmental rate:

Although the human developmental sequence is uniform and continuous, it does not exhibit uniformity in the developmental periods and stages of life. It is this variation in individual development that makes it impossible to predict how an individual will react to a particular stimulus.

4. Principle of developmental speed variation:

It is observed that growth and development becomes very rapid in infancy and early adolescence and latter the speed decreases.

5. Principle of cephalocaudal and proximodstal sequence:

The growth and development has got its own direction. It follows cephalocaudal sequence, which means that the human beings grow from head downwards that is in the direction of the longitudinal axis (head to foot) or head is developed in the embroynic stage than the development of body and legs occur. It is also known as principle from the head-tailward. 

6. Principle of proceeding from general to specific:

This is true of all phases of development. The new born baby moves his body as a whole and slowly he learns to control his full hand and later he tries to control on the movement of his hand fingers.

7. Principle of integration/ total development:

Development involves a movement from the whole to parts and from the parts to the whole in the areas of both physical and psychological aspects and are interrelated and interdependent.

8. Principle of orderly and proceeds by stages:

Human development follows a known sequence. Each child stands before he walks and babbles before he talks. Physical development occurs in a head to foot direction and proceeds from the central parts to more distant ones. Thus each stage has certain unique characteristics and behavioural patterns. 

9. Principle of Individual difference:

Every organism is a distinct creation in itself. Therefore the development which it undergoes in terms of the rate and outcome in various dimensions is quite unique and specific and varies from child to child.

10. Principle of cumulative:

In the course of development, a single experience matters a lot and it does not go unnoticed and unaccounted because it has been found out that subsequent behavior is the result of previous experiences. The day a child utters his first word, the appearance of his first tooth, his first shave, etc., are turning point in life. Thus the development pattern represent  sequential advancement rather than series of mere editions and did not reach abruptly.

Factors Influencing Growth and Development

 Growth is natural and automatic process but development is planned and deliberate efforts to bring desirable changes among children. Development process depends on heredity and environmental factors. Thus, it is influenced by these factors

(i) Heredity factors are intelligence, sex, race, secretion of glands, height, weight, structural features. 

(ii) Environmental factors are nutrition, fresh air and light, open environment, family status, culture, diseases and injuries. 

1. Intelligence- The most important aspect of development refers to mental development. it depends on the intelligence of child. All other type of development are also influences by the intelligence. An intelligent child acquires new behaviours of a child reflect his level of intelligence.

2. Sex- There is difference between boys and girls with regard to their growth and development. The body constitution and structural growth of girls are different from boys. The functions of boys and girls are also of different nature.

3. Secretion of Glands- The para-thyride glands make the body more sensitive and more emotional. The thymus glands influence the mental and chest development. It brings an early maturity children. among

4. Races- The racial factor has great influence on height, weight, colour feature and body constitution, A child of white will be white, tall and smart. Even hairs and eyes colour are governed by the concerning race. race

5. Nutrition- Growth and development of a child mainly depends on his food nutrition. The mal-nutrition has adverse effect on their structural and smart. Even hairs and eyes colour are governed by the concerning race.

6. Family Status- Nutrition and family status have similar influence. The poor family can not provide balance diet to their children. It will effect adversely.

7. Social and Cultural Factors- The behaviour and functional aspect is greatly influenced by social and cultural environment in which a child lives. They acquire values, feelings and attitudes.

8. Disease and Injuries- The mental injuries and other type of long disease have adverse effect on the development of children.

Meaning of Human Growth and Development, Nature, Characteristics and Difference

           GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Introduction :

The education of a child starts since his birth, though in an informal manner. A person to some extent shapes the pattern of his life by the choices and decisions he makes at successive stages. A teacher's main concern in the classroom is the development of the child but he cannot fully understand such basic processes as perception, motivation and emotion, etc.. without knowing something about their development. If a teacher is interested to educate the child in a balanced and integrated manner then he is to understand the child fully and understand the characteristics of a child at various age levels. Therefore, it is essential for the teacher to study the growth and development of different periods of life.

Meaning and Definition of Human Growth 

Growth refers to quantitative changes in physical development, i.e., increase in size, height and weight. We speak of the growth of heart, nerves, muscles and body in general. Thus growth is observable and can be measured. 

Crow and Crow suggest that, "Growth refers to structural and physiological changes." 

Frank said, "Growth as the multiplication of cells, i.e., growth in height and weight or it may be changes in the particular aspects of the body or it means increase and enlargement of the body or some part of the body."

Characteristics of Growth 

Arnold Gessell has enumerated the following features of Growth in his definition :

1. It is a function of the organism.

2. The environment helps in its manifestation.

3. It is intrinsic physiological development.

4. It has limited and regulatory mechanism.

 5. It is an intricate and sensitive process.

6. It maintains the balance of the total pattern and direction.

Meaning and Definition of Human Development 

⇒ The term Development refers to change in structure, form shape and improvement in functioning. When qualitative changes occur in behavioural characteristics of the child is called development.

According to Peary, "Development means the whole sequence of life from conception to death." 

Frank said, "That development may imply the change in organism as a whole."

Hurlock said, "It is progressive series of changes in an orderly coherent pattern. The changes are directional leading forward rather than backward and results in new characteristics and new abilities on the part of the individual." 

Thus development is progressive, orderly and coherent means that there is a definite relationship between each stage in an sequential manner and is a continuous process. Development is more comprehensive which includes physical, social, intellectual, emotional and moral aspects of an individual.

Main Characteristics of Development :

Development has the following main characteristics :

 1. It is an interaction between person and his environment.

2. It is confined to qualitative changes in form and functions of the organism.

3. It involves a progressive series of changes leading forward not backward.

4. It refers to acquisitions of new features at physical, social, emotional and intellectual and daily living.

5. It is the emerging and expanding capacities of the individual.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 

⇒ Growth

1. Growth may be limited to the changes in the quantitative aspects. i.e., increase in size, length, height, weight and expansion of vocabulary, etc.

2. Growth is used in a narrower sense such as increase in size, weight, etc.

3. Growth is physical and external in nature.

4. Growth stops after sometime. Maturity is the end point of growth.

5. Growth is measureable because the quantitative changes are very specific and it can be directly measured.

6. Growth is always systematic and follows a definite pattern It is very rapid in infancy and later on it becomes slow and becomes rapid during the period of early adolescence.

⇒  Development

1. Development implies the overall changes occurring in both quantitative and qualitative aspects. It is the changes in structure. form or shape and improvement in functioning and behaviour as a whole.

2. Development is a wider and comprehensive term, related to all types of changes both physical and psychological. 

3. Development is internal and can be physical, social, emotional and intellectual, etc.

4. Development is continuous. Starting right from conception it does not end with the attainment of maturity but continues throughout the entire life span of an individual.

5. Development is observable because the results of development are quite complex and difficult as far as their actual assessment and measurement is concerned.

6. Development is always from general to specific.

      Stages of Human Development

Human Development is a continuous process. All Development takes place in different forms during different stages of age. Different scholars have classified different stages of human development in different forms. Human development is divided into these seven stages in India. These seven stages are -

1. Pregnancy                                            一                           conception to birth

2. Infancy                                                  一                           birth to 5 years

3. Childhood                                             一                            5 to 12 years

4. Adolescence                                         一                            12 to 18 years

5. Youth                                                      一                            18 to 25 years

6. Adulthood                                              一                           25 years to 55 years

7. Old age                                                    一                          55 years to till death

The western psychologist, Kolesnik has divided the stages of human development into eight classes :

1. Prenatal Period                                   一                             Conception to birth

2. Neonatal Period                                 一                              birth to 3-4 weeks

3. Early Infancy                                      一                              1 month to 15 months

4. Late Infancy                                        一                              15 to 30 months

5. Early Childhood                                  一                              2.5 to 5 years

6. Middle Childhood                               一                              5 to 9 years

7. Late Childhood                                    一                              9 to 12 years

8. Adolescence                                         一                              12 to 21 years

 Ross has divided the process of human development into only four stages :

1. Infancy                                                     一                            1 year to 3 years

2. Early Childhood                                     一                            3 to 6 years

3. Late Childhood                                       一                            6 to 12 years

4. Adolescence                                            一                           12 to 18 years

 Selley favours to study human development only under three stages:

1. Infancy                                                      一                            1 year to 5 years

2. Childhood                                                 一                            5 to 12 years

3. Adolescence                                             一                            12 to 18 years

Ernest Jones has divided the stages of human development into the following four stages. Presently most of the scholars study human development under these four stages :

1. Infancy                                                        一                            birth to 6 years

2. Childhood                                                   一                           6 to 12 years

3. Adolescence                                               一                           12 to 18 years 

4. Adulthood                                                   一                           18 years to till death

General Characteristics of Development :

The variation or individual difference is universal in nature and is known as the principle of variability of inheritance. There are two principles, one is of resemblance and another is of variability. The development process is governed by both the principles. It has the following main characteristics:

1. It is a product of the interaction between person and the environment.

2. It is a continuous and life-long process. 

3. It is individual process but takes place in a group.

4. Different aspects of development are inter-related.

5. It proceeds from general to the specific.

6. It is cumulative and positive process.

7. It is bilateral to unilateral trend.

8. It follows an orderly sequence.

9. It has a uniform pattern.

10. It is an integrated process, and

11. It has the variation of differentiation.

PSYCHOLOGY & EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY

      EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY

Introduction 

We are living in a age of science and technology and according society has become bit complex. Life in the coming decades is likely to bring new tensions together with unprecedented opportunities. To enable the people to benefit in the new environment will require new designs of human resource development. Thus the coming generations should have the ability to internalise new ideas constantly and creatively and have to be imbued with a strong commitment to human values and to social justice. All this can be possible only  through good quality education.

To achieve the above goal and to meet the situation in a gigantic way the teacher has to play a very vital role in the educational institutions and come into the limelight. He is really the backbone of the educational system, the maker of the mankind, the fountainhead of knowledge, the architect of the society and the potential guide to provide directive for the growth and development of students of today as the worthy citizens of tomorrow. He is the real principal agency who is ultimately to implement and interpret the plan and policies at  various levels through teaching- learning processes. It has also been remarked by the Kothari commission (1964-66) that " the destiny of the country is being shaped in her classrooms". Therefore, in order to be a good mediator, the teacher has to understand a great deal about the way in which people at various ages and stages of development perceive the world around them. To meet the ' new' challenges boldly and to play his/her role meaningfully.

Under the above circumstances " Educational Psychology is a subject of study to give the perspective  teacher with the necessary skills and form competencies to enable him to deal effectively with the teaching- learning problems of the class.

What is Education

Education is communication which changes someone's inside  world so that they can change the world around them.  Education is the most powerful weapon which can use to change the world.

Meaning and  Historical  Background of  Psychology 

The word psychology is derived from Greek word Psycho and Logos.  'Psycho' means "Soul" and 'Logos' means "Science". The science of soul. 

  It is scientific because it is systematic study of observable events/behaviour and behaviour in unlearned process where it include reflexes,  Physiological process and instinct and it is learned behaviour also because all behaviour acquire through practice.  It can be overt and covert.

    Today Psychology is scientific method of collecting data about individual and groups to analyze and predict their behaviour. 

Introduction of Educational Psychology

Educational Psychology is nothing but one of the branch of applied psychology. It is an attempt to apply the knowledge of psychology to the field of education. In other words, Educational Psychology is the study of experience and behaviour of the learner in relation to educational environment.

 Educational psychology is concerned with the problems, processes and products of education, which is natural and heterogeneous. 

It is the application of psychological principles, techniques and other resources of psychology in the field of education for the solution of educational problems life teaching, learning and class management, etc. When a person apply the knowledge of psychology in the field of education, study the human behaviour in relation to his environment and concern for the total growth and all rounduppyment of children in a scientific way is called Educational Psychology.

Definitions :

Skinner (1958) :– " Educational psychology is that branch of Psychology which deals with teaching and learning. It means psychology is applied in the field of education for improving the methods and products of the teaching- learning process".

Crow and  Crow (1973) :– " Educational psychology describes and explains the learning experiences of an individual form birth through old age".

Peel  :– " Educational psychology is the science of education".

Anderson  :– " Educational psychology is a subject to be studied, an area or field of knowledge, a set of applications of law and principles from a field of knowledge to as social process Assets and techniques and a field of research for the development of an individual in an educational setting".

  Thus, Educational psychology is the application of the findings and theories of psychology in the field of education, a systematic story of educational growth and independent applied discipline that deals with the improvement in teaching a learning activity.  In fact, it seeks to know the child's mind and how best the child can be motivated to learn in a desirable manner in the society. It is the empirical foundation of education and provides practical solution to educational problems with the help of sweet relation between the teacher and the  taught. 

Education and educational psychology

Education by all means is an attempt to more and shape the behaviour of students 

Nature of Educational Psychology

The following are the nature of Educational Psychology:

Educational Psychology is scientific in nature. In Science selection of data, observation of facts and verification of any phenomena are possible by any number of persons at any period of life. Similarly, Educational Psychology has also developed certain principles to collect data from human beings and predict his/her behaviour in a scientific manner.

Educational Psychology is concerned with the study of behaviour of the learner in relation to his educational environment. Educational Psychology is constantly in search of the truth in the sense that the results of the study of human behaviour can be modified as per the latest findings in the field.

Educational Psychology is a social science in the sense that it is like other Social Sciences to study the human beings and their Sociability. 

Educational Psychology is concerned with 'what' and 'why' of happening in the present rather than the past. It studies the problems of present behaviour of the learners and their causes rather than anything else.

Educational psychology is a positive science rather than a normative science. It is not concerned with 'what ought to be' (why and what type of education to child, etc.), rather emphasises is how, when and where of education.

Educational psychology is an applied Psychology in the sense that it applies psychological principles in the field of education which are of specific significance of learning and teaching. It does not accept blindly the facts and principles of General Psychology.

Educational Psychology is a narrower in nature because it is with delimitations.  Here the study of the behaviour is concerned in educational setting.

Educational Psychology is a developing or growing science in the sense that the research findings provide reliable data and inside into the child's nature and we use for predictions of the behaviour of a child in similar situations.  Though it is not so perfect and developed as science like physics, chemistry and biology and absolute in nature, yet is follows the footprint of scientific investigation and considered as scientific.

     Scope of Educational Psychology 

The scope of educational psychology means the topic covered or the subject matters are included under the boundary of purview of the concerned paper.  A course in educational psychology must seek to enrich knowledge and develop  competence  in the the following areas :

The Learner –   The subject matter of educational psychology is knitted around the learner.  Therefore, the need of knowing the learner and the techniques of knowing him well. The topics include – the innate abilities and capacities of the individuals,  individual differences and their measurements, the overt, covert, conscious as well as unconscious behaviour of the learner, the characteristics of his growth and development and each stage beginning from childhood to adulthood.

The  Learning  Experiences – Educational psychology helps in deciding what learning experiences are desirable,  at what stage of the growth and development of the learner, so that these experiences is can be acquired with a greater ease and satisfaction.

Learning  Process –   After knowing the learner and deciding what learning experiences are to be provided,  Educational Psychology moves on to the laws, principles and theories of learning. Other items in the learning process are remembering and forgetting, perceiving, concept formation, thinking and reasoning, problem solving, transfer of learning, ways and means of effective learning etc. 

Learning  Situation  or Environment –  Here we deal with the environmental factors and learning situations which come midway between the learner and the teacher. Topics like classroom climate and group dynamics, techniques and aids, that faciliate learning and evaluation,  techniques and practices, guidance and counselling etc. For the smooth functioning of the teaching- learning process.

The  Teacher – The teacher is a potent force in any scheme of teaching and learning process. It discusses the role of the teacher. It emphasizes the need of 'knowing thyself 'for a teacher to play his role properly in the process of education. His conflicts, motivation, anxiety, adjustment, level of aspiration etc. It throws light on the essential personality traits, interests, attitudes, the characteristics of effective teaching etc so as to inspire him for becoming successful teacher.

It studies the Growth and Development of the child how a child. How a child passes through the various stages of growth and what are the characteristics of each stage are included in the study of educational psychology. 

It studies Human Behaviour  in  educational situations. Psychology is the study of behaviour.,and  education deals with the modification of behaviour;hence, educational psychology pervades the whole field of education. 

To what extent Heredity and Environment contribute the growth of the individual, and how this knowledge can be made use of for bringing about the optimum development of the child; for a salient feature of the scope of educational psychology.

Educational psychology deals with the Nature and Development of the Personality of an individual. In fact, education has been defined as all- round development of the personality of an individual; personality development also implies as well a well adjust personality.

It studies Individual Difference. Every individual differs from every other individual. It is one of the fundamental facts of human nature which have been growth to light by educational psychology. This one fact has revolutionised the concept and process of education. 

It studies the nature of Intelligence and its Measurement. This is the utmost importance for a teacher.

It provides Guidance and Counselling. Education is nothing but providing guidance to the growing child.

Need or Importance of Contribution or Utility of Educational Psychology

Though the knowledge of educational psychology do not guarantee good teaching yet with

out it, teaching becomes simply a case of rules of thumb, routine habits and trial and error procedures, many of which would be detrimental to the child.  Its function is to promote greater understanding of the learning process of the learning situation and of the learner and will put the teacher in a better position to decide the line of action. The knowledge of educational psychology helps the teacher in the following ways :

To Understand the Stages of Development

Educational psychology has the teacher to understand that human life is divided into different stages of development and each stage has special needs, abilities and characteristics. On the basis of this, the teacher gains better inside into the behaviour of his pupil and change his behaviour and methodology of teaching according to the child requirement in the class.

To Understand the Learner and its Characteristics

The child or the learner is the key factor in the teaching–learning. Educational psychology helps the teacher to understand how children grow, develop learn and adjust; his/her interest, attitude and innate potentialities; and likes and dislikes, level of aspiration and desires, etc., so that perfect guidance and health can be provided and positive attitude towards the learner can be formed.

To Understand the Nature of Classroom Learning

The classroom is heterogeneous in nature. To deal with the groups effectively in the class the teacher must have the knowledge of the various approaches to the learning process, principles, laws and factors affecting it then only he/she can apply remedial measures in the learning situation.

To Understand the Individual Differences

It is a fact that no two individuals are alike so also no two students are equal in the class. Thus, psychology tells the teacher about the individual differences among the students in the class and the procedure, methodology and techniques to be adopted for them.

To Develop Necessary Skills and Interest in Teaching

Educational psychology helps the teacher to develop necessary qualities and skills to deal with the problems created by the pupils, maintain a healthy atmosphere in the class–room and shows concern regarding the progress of the child. 

To Understand the Influence of Heredity and Environment on Child

Educational psychology help the teacher to know that the child is a bi–product of both heredity and environment. They are the two sides of a coin. w

While child is born with a number of hereditary qualities, environment helps them to be modified according to the requirements of the society.

To Understand the Mental Health

Educational psychology helps the teacher to know what are the factors responsible for the mental ill–health and maladjustment of a student and suggest improvement  thereof . Besides this, also provides the teacher with necessary inside to improve his own mental status to cope up with the situation. 

To Understand the Group Behaviour

Human beings cannot live in isolation. He needs company. Similarly, we all of us are members of certain social group and depend upon others. In this situation, psychology tells a teacher how a group life modifies the individual and vice versa and provide information how to handle groups and modify their behaviour. 

To Understand the Procedure of Curriculum Construction

Curriculum is an integral part of the teaching–learning process. Curriculum should be child–centred and fulfill the motives and physiological needs of the individual because child capacities differ from stage to stage. Educational psychology helps the teacher to suggest ways and means to curriculum framer to prepare sound and balance curriculum for the children.

To provide Guidance and Counselling

Today guidance to our child at every stage of life is needed because psychological abilities, interest and learning styles differ from person to person. Similarly, what courses of study the child should under take in future it also a vital question. All these can be answered well if the teacher knows the psychology of children. 

To Understand the Principles of Evaluation

Evaluation is an integral part of the teaching–learning process how to test the potentialities of the child depends upon the evaluation techniques. The development of the different types of psychological test for the evaluation of the individual is a distinct contribution of educational psychology.

Educational Psychology Helps in Professional Growth, Changing Attitude and Innovative Thinking

Inside the classroom, educational psychology has enable the teacher to achieve proper conditioning of pupils by achieving and directing classroom programs on human lives. Not only this, educational psychologists are busy in finding out innovations in the field of education.

Conclusion :

Educational psychology is important because it trains us to watch for different learning situations, and how to adapt to those situations accordingly. By studying the ability, interest, intelligence and needs of students teachers and others to adapt material to improve the learning experience and process.

 BETI BACHAO, BETI PADAO

Women are very important in the life of individual, family, society, nation and world; infact, the very existence of all these cannot be imagined without them. They are not only inevitable, the entire progress of the family, society, nation and world depends on them. This was the reason that Aristotle commented in ancient times: " It is on the progress on or  decline of women that the progress or decline of the nation depends."

Goldsmith stated her importance in these words:" It is a woman who turns a thorny shrub into a flowery plant; it is she who turns the house of even of the poorest man into a sweet home: a Paradise."

There is no exaggeration in saying that a skilled and educated woman betters two families. Prior to marriage, she does a great yeoman service to her parental house, and after marriage, she refines and improve the household of her in- laws. It is a paradox that her importance has been accepted in all times yet her existence and education have always been under dark clouds. We are aware that she was deprived of education in the ancient times and only a few of them could be educated. This trend continued during the Buddhist and Brahamanic eras; the medieval period brought them more agony; and we can say that her condition has improve with in the modern times; yet the threat of her life has continued unabated in different forms. 

 It is a matter of satisfaction that our present Prime Minister Narendra Modi is quite alive to this issue and has prepared a plan at the national level; that was the scheme of Beti bachao Beti Padao (Save Daughters,Teach Daughters). He launched this scheme on 22  January 2015, and ever since this scheme is seeing the headway in the entire country, and different programmes are being started under it.

 This scheme got up further boost recently when after the 2016 Rio Olympics, only two women succeeded to win medals at the most prestigious international sports competition, and yet another maxim was added by the elated Chief Minister of Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar, that was 'Beti Khilao' ( let Daughters Play). There is no denying the fact that only women could bring glory to the nation in this world competitions, else our pocket would have remained empty.

Aims of Scheme ' Beti Bachao, Beti Padao'

Keeping in view the importance and exalted aim of the scheme, the scheme of Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao has been started by the joint initiative of the Child Development Ministry, Health Ministry, Family Welfare Ministry and Human Resource Development Ministry. Under the purpose of this scheme two aims  are sought to be achieved :

・ to bring about a balance in the unequal sex ratio, and

・  to educate the girl- child in order to ensure their participation in the country's development.

An initial grant of Rs. 100 crore was earmarked for this scheme, with which the work of spreading awareness of welfare schemes for women is being carried out. In order to link gender equality with the mainstream education, and additional chapter on gender equality will be added to school curriculum. The purpose of this initiative is to sensitive students, teachers and community towards the needs of girl- child and woman, so as the cultivate a harmonious environment in the society. Under this scheme work is being undertaken on the following activities : 

・  Activating school management Committees, so that girls are enrolled in schools in a great number.

・  Starting Balika Manch or  Girl Fora in schools.

・  Construction of toilets for girls in schools.

・  Restarting and repairing of toilets which are non- functional in schools.

・  Completion of all Kasturba Gandhi Bal Vidyalayas.

Initiating a broad campaign for re-admitting girls two secondary schools who have dropped out.

Significance of Beti Bachao

This part of the scheme of 'Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao' is aimed at bringing about equality in the sex ratio between boys and girls. However, a pertinent question arises if this will serve the purpose. Even if girls become equal number with boys, will it solve the problems regarding women empowerment? If we look around ourself, we find that equality of sex ratio is only a small part of the work that needs to be done in the welfare of women; there are other more pressing issues which demand attention and action; for example, we need to be sensitive to the violence that is perpetrated against women in different forms. Every morning the newspaper brings us the news of violence and atrocities against women without fail. When a negative environment persists, no parents would like to have daughters. The mindset of people can be corrected only when there exist no threat to her security, well-being and progress. In India, girls are worshiped and women adorned as sisters, daughters and mothers; yet if violence against them persists, we will have to look for their causes elsewhere. A country where it is a hard nut to crack to get an FIR filed when some incident of mishappening occurs against a woman, there is a dire need to correct the mindset.

 It is often seen that when she approaches somebody, the person in authority has the last thing in mind to do good of her, rather he thinks 'what he can do to her' in place of ;what he can do for her'. Only wishful thinking is not going to help if we want the sex ratio to improve. Only increasing the number of girls is not going to help, it also requires that they are put on the path of progress and development; they should continuously advance. Every barrier, every hurdle that impedes their progress must be abolished and this dismantled and destroyed so that women can march shoulder to shoulder with man, rather they advance ahead of man. The slogan of 'Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao' is just this.

Measures for Beti Bachao

 In order to allow women and girls to prosper and contribute in the development of the country, it is necessary that they are protected in the first place. Speaking in terms of the law, there is no dearth of the legal provisions that provide them protection against atrocities and cryings, yet our system is such that they are deprived into media, and the drive is mainly focused on cover-up rather than doing something substantial so that nothing of the short occurs in the future. There are a number of laws that have been legislated and enacted for the well being of girls and women, such as those dealing with female foeticide, female infanticide, sati custom, dowry harassment, rap domestic violence, and so on. What is needed is to put these laws into earnest implementation so that they are abided by in the true spirit.

Significance of Beti Padao

The two parts of the slogan 'Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao' cannot be separated, yet we have done this in order to explain the inner sense it is entailed with.In fact, the very campaign of Beti Bachao can succeed only when the campaign of Beti Padao materializes into reality.  This does not imply only merely enrolling  girls in schools and women in vocational and evening classes,  but is also implies that when girls attend school, they are made to feel secure. They should be provided security from the moment they step out of the house to head for school, and their protection has to be insured when they are at school.

 To make girls advance in life, it is important that they are educated without any restrictions from family or society. They should be allowed to pursue higher or vocational education as per their interest, ability and aptitude so as to create a bright future for themselves, family and nation. The condition of girls education in the country is below satisfactory level. It is somewhat satisfactory in urban areas, while in rural areas, the situation is very pitiable. A great hurdle in the path of girls education is that they are considered a person who is going to leave them after wedding. This 'paraya dhan' is not going to give them any return for the money spent on their education, it is so thought, that this is one of the reasons that girls are not sent to school. However, it should be borne in the mind that when a family educates a son, only one family is benefited, but when a girl is educated, the entire society and nation benefit. 

Measures for Beti Padao

To make girls and women  and advance on the path of progress, it is necessary that they are provided opportunities for advancement. We can discuss these measures under the following headings :

Upbringing : There should be spread mass awareness regarding upbringing of girls; people should be educated that girls are as important for the family, society and nation and that their well-being has to be ensured. Parents should take care for them as they do for sons.

Social Security : Social security is a wide concept covering different aspects of life. It provides girls and women those measures which ensure her advancement despite all kinds of social and financial hurdles.

Availability of Employment Opportunities : We have earlier discussed that girls and women have been stereotyped in certain roles in jobs, as teachers, nurses etc. It is a matter of great satisfaction that now we can see women in diverse fields, including the armed forces, engineering and medical. We can find increasing number of sales girls and shop owners in the big cities. The employer should keep in mind that women are not unequal, they are differently capable, they may not be able to lift heavy weights, but they are certainly capable of operating the JCB machines. When women are deprived of employment, one half of our working population is made to sit back and look on without any fruitful outcome.

Change of Mindset : It is very important that the parents should change their mind regarding to girls education. However, they conveniently forget that a highly educated girl will be able to get a good employment, and in such a case, there will not arise a need to be paid any dowry. What it entails is simple, the amount intended to be spent on her wedding and dowry can well be spent on her education, and this will give her a better life and raise the standard of life for the family, and consequently the society and nation.

Government Efforts : The government, especially the present modi government, has made several efforts to take forward the campaign of 'Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao'. The building of toilets in schools and homes, cleanliness drive, social security, reporting of crimes against women etc., are only a few measures, while more are being under taken. The society should stand by the government in it's efforts. The foremost thing that the government needs to do is to make the government departments perfect and efficient, as well as sensitive to perceive the needs of women. Their approach should be proactive, and not the one that begins after something has occurred.

Conclusion :

We cannot assign the responsibility for the successful accomplishment of 'Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao' only on the government. It is the duty sacred duty and responsibility of each individual that every possible effort is made for girls and women to prosper and blossom in life. Girls and women should be encouraged and their security should be ensured at every step. If anyone sees any one trying to harm her security, it becomes in incumbent upon him to raise his voice, so that the notorious elements are eradicated. Social security is the main concern, and if it is provided, there is no reason that people would not like to engage themselves in crying's like female infanticide and female foeticide.

Social Reform movement and Women,

 Concept of Social Reform movement

According to Herbert bloomer, a social movement is a collective effort to bring about a new system in some field of life. It is born from the dissatisfaction that emerges from the prevalent situation, and it is born from the expectation of a new social system taking its place. A movement is a pressure created by people in order to bring about social change.

According to Smelser, "Collective movements refer to collective efforts to modify norms and values, which frequently (but not always) developed over longer period of time."

 Points Related to Social  Movement 

All social movements are the result of collective action and efforts, but it is not necessary that all collective efforts would be able to lead a social movement.

A social movement may lead to or inspire are revolution.

A social movement is generally inspired by relieving people or its members from some evil or other specific goals.

 These movements include in them only certain classes of the society, and their influence can be seen on certain sections of the society, and generally, their consequence is the manifestation of change.

Women movements in India

In India, women movements started in the 19th century as a social reform movement. When the western concepts of freedom, equality and brotherhood, started to spread in the elite classes through the English language, it led to raising of questions retaining to women, and thus, started the work of spreading awareness about women's condition. If we look at the Indian perspectives, we find that here the movements are quite weaker when compared with the movements in the Western and European civilization concerning the issues opposing patriarchy as well as gender injustice.  In fact, expression against patriarchy has been quite week in India. Some voices of discontent can be felt in the articles written by women in the 18th century, yet there cannot be seen any active opposition or revellion about them. The women try to go against the patriarchal system of the society by participating in the bhakti movement. Of course, in the 19th century, women expressed themselves against patriarchal concepts, but this awareness could not transform itself into open and organize struggle for existence and livelihood. Of course, the voices against injustice being meted out to women could be seen everywhere.

Women movements in India can be classified into three waves. The first wave was seen during the 19th century and the freedom movement, and by the middle of the 20th century, women took active part in the freedom movement. By the end of 1960s, we can see a paradigm jump in the political activism, and it can be seen by as the second wave. By the end of the 1970s, its third wave was created whose focus point was women empowerment.

Pre- Independence Women Movments in India

First Wave of Women Movements

We can find from diverse political, religious, social, literary and cultural articles, folk songs and folk tales as well as sayings that women have been in subordination since the very beginning,  though some voices of a opposition have been raised at different times. The India history is replete with several such instances in which women raised boys against the established system, such as Razia Sultan, Rani Lakshmi Bai, Ahilyabai Holkar, Muktabai and others. In each Era, women have tried to break away the slavery bonds.  Women of different races and castes took part in bhakti movements. Several saints and seers too came forward for equality of men and women. The bhakti movement was a movement which was free from Gender and caste discrimination.  Akkam Mahadevi and Janki became chief poetesses.  The saints and seers of the bhakti movement created much literature in regional and local languages and dialects and they worshipped gods as well as goddesses together, and such as Lakshmi-Narayan, Krishna- Radha,  Vishnu-Lakshmi and so on.

Some Social Reformers who work for Women's progress 

Raja Ram Mohan Roy

The first public debate to educate women was started by the Atmiya Sabha, founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy, in 1815 in Bengal. The same year, he assailed the Sati custom and wrote the first article on it in the Bengali language. Raja Ram Mohan Roy was the first to raise voice against the Sati custom and it was owing to his potent  opposition to it that lord William Bentinck passed the Sati abolition Act, 1829. He wrote his book, A Conference between an Advocate for and an Opponent to the Practice of Burning Widows Alive, written in 1815, when upon his brothers death, his wife was forced into the burning pyre.

The Sati movement progressed as a cause for improving women's condition, while the second cause was women's education.

Development of Women's Education

The girls schools were first started by the English and Christian Missionaries in 1810.

The first book in Bengali language was written in 1819 which concerned women's education, it was written by an Indian named GurumohanVidyalankar, and it was published by the Kanya Bal Samiti.

Until 1827, the missionaries started 12 girls school in the Hooghli district.

 A year later, the Ladies Society for Native Female Education in Calcutta and its vicinity opened school which were run by Miss Cook.

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

Hey drew attention of people towards the problem of widow remarriage and thus worked on improving the condition of widows. He ran a movement in 1850 to eradicate the prohibition imposed on widow remarriage, and also published a book in Bengali which claim that widow remarriage was in consonance with the holy scriptures.  In 1856, the Widow Remarriage Act was passed.

Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade

He founded an Indian organisation, called the National Social Conference, to carry forward the social reform movement. It was the first national organisation to run the social reform movement in an organised way and to provide it a momentum. It earnestly raised the issues of widow remarriage. Hee was ordered by Shankaracharya in 1869 to attend the first widow remarriage ceremony. Ranade also worked for women education. He and his wife opened a girl school in 1884.

Maharshi Karve

He too worked in the field of improving the condition of widows, and revived the widow remarriage organisation, and also started the Hindu Widow Home. He worked for spread of education among girls as well as widows.  In order to establish a role model, he married a widow after his wife death. 

Swami Dayanand

He setup the Arya Samaj. He believed in the equality of men and women. He advocated for women education for 16 years and set up a number of educational institutions.

Swami Vivekanand

Stressing the need for women education, he said that educated women would be able to resolve their problems emphatically. He also opposed early marriage of girls. According to him, a woman should distance herself from the conventional Anti-social institutions, and they should be taught the lessons of freedom and equality he also explored the historical causes for decline in women's standard, and laid stress on the need for eradication of their social subordination. He described women education as necessary not only for themselves but for the whole country's progress. 

As a result of social reform movements, several institutions and organisation's were set up. They spread their work all over the country. The institutions established during this period were as follows:

The Gujarat Vernacular Society

This society was set up in 1848, its aim was to eradicate illiteracy and orthodoxy prevalent in Gujarati community, it worked on social reforms linked with women and their education. It established a number of co-education schools and it also published several issues concerning women. It provided women a stage for raising their problems, and also organised lecture contests.

The Deccan Education Society

This society was set up in 1884. It opened girls schools in Maharashtra and encourage their education. 

Ramkrishna Mission

It was set up in 1897. It opened homes or refuge centres for widows and girls.  It also supported helpless and caste away women, and trained women in midwifery and post-natal courses.

Arya Samaj

It started a revival organisation, but it did commendable work in the field of women education. It included home science, domestic matters and fine arts in the curriculum of girls,  and it also included religious education as well as rituals for women. It also gave refuge to troubled women. From the letter half of 1980s, it started to open a number of girl schools with the help of elite Arya Samajists, yet they entertained different views when it came to higher education for women. 

Hingne Women's Education Institution

It was started in 1896 with an aim to impart education to unmarried. Married and widow women. Small girls were trained in several fields in order to check child marriage. It trained married women in several skills to run their homely life well. Widows were trained to become financially self dependent. 

SNDT Women University

It was set up with the goal of imparting education in mother tongue as well as higher education.

Seva Sadan

It was founded in 1908 with an aim to bring the intellectual women of different communities on a common platform, so that they could work for the uplift of backward women. In it, children and poor women were provided medical facilities. It also set up homes for helpless women and children.

Indian National Social Conference

Some prominent issues that this organisation raised s included child marriage,  polygamy and widow remarriage. It also worked on the issue of women education.

All India Women Conference

Its chief aim was to realize the goals of women education as well as social reform. Tt's aim included general progress of women and children. It passed several resolutions to uplift women's condition and also worked for eradication of child marriage, polygamy and divorce. It advocated equal rights for women. It also raise the issue of working conditions of women. It also raised the issue of trafficking of women and children, and also raise the problem of Devdasi.

Sharda Sadan

The Sharda Sadan was set up in Bombay in 1889 by Pandita Ramabai. It was a residential co-education school, and it was the first widow home in Maharashtra in 1882, the Government of India constituted a commission to study the situation of Indian education, in which ramabai suggested that teacher should be trained and inspectors for women college's should be appointed.  Besides, she laid on compulsory appointment of women's doctor.